MRSA infection in neonatal intensive care units

Methicillin-safe S. aureus strains expanded in the U.S. from 2.4% in 1975 to 29% in 1991. When set up, MRSA is extremely hard to annihilate. Perhaps the greatest test is forestalling cross-transmission of these life forms. Certain patients are increasingly inclined to disease and colonization by MRSA, and neonates in NICUs are a high-hazard gathering (Finkelstein, 1999, 24). Hazard factors for obtaining MRSA incorporate delayed hospitalization; a stay in an ICU or consume unit; past antimicrobial treatment; careful site diseases; and presentation to colonized or contaminated patients. Most of MRSA contaminations in neonates are essential bacteremias and pneumonias. MRSA diseases have likewise been related with expanded dreariness and mortality, and more prominent medical clinic costs than those because of methicillin-delicate Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Why are neonates progressively inclined to MRSA contamination? Concerning skin contamination it has been indicated that a baby's gestational age greatly affects epidermal boundary work as estimated by transepidermal water misfortune. Preterm newborn children more youthful than 28 weeks show diminished working of the epidermal boundary, putting them in danger for cutaneous bacterial contamination (Kalia, 1998, 323). The skin hindrance accomplishes full capacity, like grown-up skin, by 2 to about a month old enough yet can take up to about two months in amazingly untimely babies. Mandel et al. (2004, 161) led a review investigation of the job of cutaneous ulcer in sepsis. They found that in 22% of the babies with nosocomial sepsis, cutaneous canker was the fundamental reason. Moreover, their insusceptible frameworks are immature, with white platelets neutrophils specifically moving more gradually than grown-ups'. It's presumed that neonates become colonized with S. aureus not long after being set in a nursery, with the umbilical stump as the site of starting colonization. Elements related to MRSA episodes in NICUs incorporate high newborn child to-staff proportions and disease transmission through hand carriage by human services laborers (AAP, 1997) Spread of MRSA Infection and anticipation MRSA is found on the foremost nares, crotch, and perineum, S. aureus is an ordinary piece of the body verdure. It's additionally a typical pathogen, causing significant contaminations in both traded off and positive patients. The ordinary safe reaction of the body can beat any MRSA endeavor to contamination, yet in the serious consideration because of decreased safe reaction, and bacterial opposition, these living beings van make devastation. In a report from Australia cited by Park (2007, 26-27), it was demonstrated that from 1992 to 1994, methicillin-safe S. aureus (MRSA) contaminations caused just 8% of staphylococcal diseases however from 1995 to 1998, there was an episode of MRSA contamination in two Melbourne medical clinics. Strategies to end the spread of MRSA flare-ups incorporate diminishing congestion and improving staffing designs, rewarding umbilical strings with triple-color, and washing full-term newborn children with hexachlorophene. In any case, except if exacting adherence to contamination control is kept up, it is absurd to expect to control this disease. Handwashing is generally significant. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that neonatal nursery staff play out a three-minute handwash toward the beginning of each move, purging up to the elbows with a germ-free cleanser and wipe brush (AAP, 1997). Tainted neonates ought to be set on contact precautionary measures. Here the newborn child must be taken care of with gloves, and if conceivable, contingent upon the separating accessible and the intense status of the baby, they ought to be alloted to disconnected chambers (Larson, 1995, 259, 262). Hitomi etal (2000, 127), advocate the utilization of mupirocin as a nasal shower to control nasal carriage of MRSA in the medical clinic staff, which go about as the best wellspring of spread of this contamination. Impacts of Nosocomial MRSA contamination As per the NNIS (2002), In 2000, 55.3% of S. aureus detaches causing nosocomial contaminations among patients hospitalized in escalated care units in emergency clinics answering to the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System were impervious to methicillin. Nambiar etal(2003, 224) give a fascinating record of the confusions MRSA can cause in a concentrated consideration setting. They depict an episode of MRSA, in which neonates had meningitis, circulation system disease (with its difficulties †delicate tissue canker, stun and a privilege atrial blood clot, suppurative thrombophlebitis, osteoarthritis of the distal femur and knee joint). Masanga (1999, 169) detailed colonic stenosis after MRSA enterocolitis. The inclining factors for neonatal MSSA enterocolitis incorporate bosom taking care of from a mother with staphylococcal mastitis,an inhabiting taking care of catheterâ and lack of healthy sustenance. The clinical picture of MSSA enterocolitis in the neonate is portrayed by intense beginning of loose bowels and ileus. Necrotizing enterocolitis. concentrated consideration including mechanical ventilation, inhabiting taking care of catheter, the utilization of anti-infection agents, the postponement of taking care of causing the lower sharpness of gastric substance, hypoactive peristalsis and the difference in gut vegetation, conditions like those seen in postoperative patients in all probability inclined to unusual MRSA development and resultant enterocolitis. poisonous stun condition (mix of erythema and thrombocytopenia, low-positive C-receptive protein (CRP) worth, or fever), (Richtmann etal, 2000, 88-89, Takahashi, 2003, 234-35). Impact on guardians The disease in the neonate is an extraordinary wellspring of worry to the guardians. Not exclusively is the kid isolated from the mother, which prompts uneasiness for the mother, and nursing issues. There happen issues of lactation, with bosom engorgement and galactorrhoea. Moreover, the mother is at a more serious danger of getting disease from a septicemic youngster with pneumonia and exanthemas. Skin contamination can spread by means of contact. In this way guardians are at an expanded hazard from a kid influenced with MRSA disease. Treatment Anticipation is the best treatment. This disease can be quickly deadly in the neonates, especially the preterm newborn children. Brief acknowledgment of the side effects and dynamic measures to forestall spread can decrease the dismalness and mortality. Societies ought to be gotten for vulnerability assurance in any kid with an assumed S. aureus contamination that is moderate to serious. The decision of empiric treatment, before powerlessness testing, and the decision of complete treatment will rely upon the neighborhood anti-infection opposition designs, the tissue site and seriousness of disease, and the harmfulness profile of the anti-infection. Vancomycin has been the customary anti-infection utilized for the treatment of MRSA pneumonia. It has been found, in any case, that issues with lung tissue infiltration may restrict the viability of vancomycin  Similarly, daptomycin has been appeared to have constrained action for pneumonia because of restricted lung entrance and restraint by surfactant. Linezolid has additionally as of late been assessed as a particular treatment for MRSA pneumonia, and found to have great lung tissue entrance ability (Bradley, 200575-77) Ends MRSA disease in the neonatal escalated care setting is related with excellent dismalness and mortality. Preventive measures are the way to triumph against MRSA. Every unit needs to outline powerful conventions of disease control and stick to it with a solid will. References 1 Finkelstein LE etal(1999MRSA in NeonatesAm J Nurs, Volume 99(1).January.24 2  Kalia YN, Nonato LB, Lund CH, et al(1998) Development of skin hindrance work in untimely newborn children. J Invest Dermatol; 111:320-326 3 Mandel D, Littner Y, Mimouni FB, et al.( 2004) Nosocomial cutaneous abscesses in septic newborn children. Curve Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed; 89:F161-F162 4 American Academy of Pedaitrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (1997)Guidelines for Perinatal consideration, fourth ed. Elk Grove Village, IL, The Academy, 5 PARK CH etal(2007). Changing pattern of neonatal contamination: Experience at a recently settled territorial clinical focus in KoreaPediatr Int, Volume 49(1).24â€30 6 Larson, E. L(1995). APIC rule for handwashing and hand antisepsis in human services settings. Am.J. Infect.Control 23:251-269. 7  Hitomi S, Kubota M, Mori N, et al(2005): Control of methicillin safe Staphylococcus aureus flare-up in a neonatal emergency unit unselective utilization of nasal mupirocin treatment. J Hosp Infect; 46: 123â€129 8 National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report. Information Summary from January 1992 to June 2001. Given August 2001. Accessible at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/NNIS/individuals/members.htm #nnisreports. Gotten to Mar 5 2007 9  Nambiar S, Herwaldt LA, Singh N (2003). Flare-up of obtrusive illness brought about by methicillin-safe Staphylococcus aureus in neonates and predominance in the neonatal emergency unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med, Volume 4(2).220-226 10 Masanga K etal (1999). Colonic Stenosis After Severe Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Enterocolitis In A Newborn. Pediatr Infect Dis J, Volume 18(2).169-171 11 Richtmann R etal.(2000) Outbreak Of Methicillin-Resistent Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) Infection On A Neonate Intensive Care Unit (Nicu): The Key Role Of Infection Control Measures. Am J Infect Control, Volume 28(1).February 88-89. 12 Takahashi N (2003). Neonatal poisonous stun disorder like exanthematous illness (NTED). Pediatr Int, Volume 45(2).233â€237 13 Bradley JS (2005). More up to date antistaphylococcal specialists Curr Opin Pediatr, Volume 17(1).71-77         Â

Misgiving Essays - Poetry, Literature, Culture, Robert Frost

Qualm Essays - Poetry, Literature, Culture, Robert Frost Qualm Robert Frosts sonnet Misgiving uncovered how one ought to experiencelife. He shows this through by contrasting the blowing of leaves unreservedly with thefree-will of a person. This sonnet makes another method of survey life.Frost builds up this through three significant focuses, imagery, symbolism, andmeaning. Ices sets up his first imagery through the blowing of the leavesin the breeze. It appears just as he is contrasting himself with the leaves. Inthe sonnet the leaves are encountering development and moving about freelyand he is contrasting himself needing with experience something very similar. By himwanting to encounter choice in his life he unmistakably utilizes a leave and astem to show his imagery of his longing. The most wonderful picture in the sonnet is the point at which he looks at himself to theleaves and needing to have the option to move around as they do. In the secondstanza, Frost clarifies how profoundly he needs to fly and now and again he looks for asheltering divider for solace and sanctuary. The third verse finishes the firstpart of the sonnet. The visual symbolism here was the hesitant spin and onlyevoked how he loved experiencing it yet couldnt clarify why notknowing where it would accept him yet just as long as it did. The importance of which Frost depicts himself to b free as the leaves isbecause he wouldn't like to get stale. He needs to experiencewhatever life brings to the table, regardless of whether it is fortunate or unfortunate. To him theimportant thing is the information and experience picked up from the wholeevent. In the third verse. At the point when the leaves return to where they werecan be contrasted with a person in the public arena. The vast majority are half-asleepmost of the time, however need to stay aware of life encounters. Possibly theydidnt go anyplace however the information and experience that was learnedwas the most significant perspective picked up. This sonnet without a doubt sets up imagery, symbolism a nd importance. It isuseful for a person to peruse so as to know and knowledgeableof encounters they may have had in their lives and to acknowledge thefree-will each and everybody of us are given.

Do Ufos Exist? :: essays research papers

Do UFOs Exist?      I have assembled numerous sources and have arrived at the resolution that UFOs do exist. Sightings of strange aeronautical wonders go back to antiquated occasions, however simply after 1947, have UFOs been broadly talked about in view of distribution world wide. Numerous things bolster this idea, for example, sightings, flattened crops, experiences, and kidnappings.      At least 90% of UFO sightings can be recognized as traditional items, In spite of the fact that tedious examinations are important for such distinguishing proof. The items frequently confused with UFOs are brilliant planets and stars, unconventional mists, winged animals, airplane, inflatables, kites, ethereal flares, meteors and satellites.      Between 1647 to 1969 at aggregate of 12,618 reports have been gotten concerning unidentified flying items, of which 701 of the reports (5.6 percent) were recorded as unexplained.      Some individuals guarantee that they have been stole by extraterrestrials. A Harvard teacher has taken these "abductees" and places them in a sleep inducing trans. Under entrancing, in some cases sobbing and yelling with anguish and fear, they recuperate covered recollections of outsider experiences. There has never been physical verification of any kidnapping yet to be given.      The Roswell episode is currently for the most part viewed as one of the most significant UFO occasions ever, a broad audit of the UFO writing of the 1950s finds no notice of it past the principal press accounts toward the beginning of July 1947. The main know reference to it as a UFO crash was in a 1955 talk by telecaster and UFO devotee Frank Edward. Indeed, even during the 1960s the UFO writing referenced it just multiple times, twice in both brief occasions, in the last rather dubiously. A generally distributed story revealed that faculty from Roswell Field had a "flying disk" in their ownership. At the point when the material was traveled to Fort Worth, Texas, the leader told the press that the "disk" was extremely only a climate expand and created swell stays to "prove" it. Pictures were taken, there were laughs all around and the press succumbed to a falsehood and a concealment it had the option to keep up without challenge for more than three decades.      Crop circls Have been found to happen predominantly in corn and wheat, however have additionally been found in different yields, for example, barky, oats, canola, grass, blossoms, trees, and even day off. Flattened crops have showed up on each mainland and have been accounted for in more than 70 nations around the globe. Just nations in terrain China and South Africa haven't detailed any flattened crops whatsoever. A great deal of at that point have showed up in the previous Czech Republic . Most flattened crops have been shaped in the focal point of fields with none of the encompassing yields upset. Do Ufos Exist? :: articles examine papers Do UFOs Exist?      I have assembled numerous sources and have arrived at the resolution that UFOs do exist. Sightings of irregular aeronautical wonders go back to antiquated occasions, yet simply after 1947, have UFOs been broadly talked about due to distribution world wide. Numerous things bolster this idea, for example, sightings, flattened crops, experiences, and kidnappings.      At least 90% of UFO sightings can be recognized as traditional items, In spite of the fact that tedious examinations are vital for such recognizable proof. The items frequently confused with UFOs are splendid planets and stars, curious mists, fowls, airplane, inflatables, kites, elevated flares, meteors and satellites.      Between 1647 to 1969 at aggregate of 12,618 reports have been gotten concerning unidentified flying items, of which 701 of the reports (5.6 percent) were recorded as unexplained.      Some individuals guarantee that they have been kidnapped by extraterrestrials. A Harvard teacher has taken these "abductees" and places them in a mesmerizing trans. Under mesmerizing, some of the time sobbing and yelling with anguish and fear, they recoup covered recollections of outsider experiences. There has never been physical confirmation of any kidnapping yet to be given.      The Roswell occurrence is currently by and large viewed as one of the most significant UFO occasions ever, a broad audit of the UFO writing of the 1950s finds no notice of it past the main press accounts toward the beginning of July 1947. The main know reference to it as a UFO crash was in a 1955 talk by telecaster and UFO lover Frank Edward. Indeed, even during the 1960s the UFO writing referenced it just multiple times, twice in both brief occurrences, in the last rather ambiguously. A broadly distributed story revealed that staff from Roswell Field had a "flying disk" in their ownership. At the point when the material was traveled to Fort Worth, Texas, the authority told the press that the "disk" was extremely only a climate swell and delivered expand stays to "prove" it. Pictures were taken, there were laughs all around and the press succumbed to an untruth and a concealment it had the option to keep up without challenge for more than three decades.      Crop circls Have been found to happen principally in corn and wheat, yet have additionally been found in different harvests, for example, barky, oats, canola, grass, blossoms, trees, and even day off. Flattened crops have showed up on each landmass and have been accounted for in more than 70 nations around the globe. Just nations in territory China and South Africa haven't revealed any flattened crops whatsoever. A great deal of at that point have showed up in the previous Czech Republic . Most flattened crops have been shaped in the focal point of fields with none of the encompassing yields upset.

LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

LAW - Essay Example The component truth of the assent, then again, alludes to the necessity that the assent by either or all gatherings must not have been vitiated by any deception, fake or something else, while the ability to contract is an individual prerequisite with respect to the gatherings of the agreement that they don't have any lawful exclusions to go into it. A preclusion for instance is minority. At long last, the lawfulness of the agreement alludes to the capacity of the agreement and its terms to hold under the watchful eye of the law. Put at the end of the day, the agreement must not be lawfully invalid (Mead, Sagar and Back p 56). The issue at bar, requires the utilization of the laws of agreement arrangement especially on the legitimacy of acknowledgments and offers. The current issue concerns the underlying period of agreement making which is the arrangement of the agreement. The issue here lies in the way that there was a misunderstanding of the various components of the understanding like offer and acknowledgment and the difficult tries to decide if there was a legitimate arrangement of an agreement and with which parties. The issue includes UCL Property Developers, the enticing party, and two organizations competing for the structure contract: the DC Builders, and; the GB Construction. The request for occasions is: first, UCL gave out solicitations to delicate to building temporary workers for the development of its organization workplaces; second, DC Builders and GB Construction were the most minimal bidders and pre-qualifiers for  £ 2, 250,000, and  £ 2, 410,000, separately and each joined its own conditions and terms particular from UCL’s; third, UCL granted DC with the agreement, in a letter, however for a somewhat less sum and as per its own terms; fourth, DC took steps to pull back its offer if UCL doesn't change acknowledgment inside five days; fifth, DC officially

King Lear Argumentative Essay Topics That Support Your Argument

King Lear Argumentative Essay Topics That Support Your ArgumentIf you're in the process of creating your argumentative essay, then you've probably found yourself thinking about writing about the topics at the core of King Lear. It's also a good idea to do your research and determine what sort of topic is best for your argumentative essay topics. Here are some suggested arguments for these topics:* Noble Ancestry: In many cases, people think of Shakespeare's King Lear as a play with a storyline or theme. However, if you can show your audience that the main character was respected and beloved, then you have much more to gain by using a King Lear argumentative essay topic that highlights his nobility. It's important to also show your audience how his great beauty and noble bearing helped him make wise decisions regarding his future and loved ones.* Actual Location: For instance, did any of the characters ever meet up with the king in an actual location? For example, the king met up with Othello in Sicily. Showing how a character met a real person who can be shown to be in a location that's near a topic that you will discuss is a great way to use this kind of essay topic.* Formality of Involvement: Show how important the audience members were to the king's decisions and those decisions influenced their actual location. For instance, when Macbeth says, 'You have a cousin in Tiverton,' it's important to show how this means he has a cousin in the actual location that he wants to marry. Showing this with a King Lear argumentative essay topic is a great way to demonstrate how important the audience was to the king's decisions.* Way-Points: Like with our cousin in Tiverton example, we can also use King Lear argumentative essay topics that show how important the audience was to the king's decisions and actions. How about in the scene where the play ends with the king 'pending your pardon,' with the audience still on its feet cheering him on? In addition, he sets a course for battle and sends a message to Macduff?* Influence of people in the past: How does the fact that the king has a love interest change the way he conducts himself? How can you demonstrate how it might influence his decisions in the future? For instance, he won't be swayed by the opinions of others, but instead focuses his decision making solely on those of his own people.* Play-within-a-theme: This is similar to way-points, in that it's not just a change in location. Rather, it's a change within the play itself. One great example is Henry V, whose fight with Macduff comes entirely out of the battle between Henry and Richard the Lionheart in the first play.Of course, any of these arguments above can also be used in a King Lear argumentative essay. The only real difference between these arguments and all of the others listed above is that they can help support your arguments for a King Lear argumentative essay topic. Consider using one of these essay topics and finding which of the o ther topics above can show how important the actors and audience members were to the king's decision making.

A Company Profile Of Balfour Beatty Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Balfour Beatty provides world class services in infrastructure industry. They operate the lifecycle of infrastructure and have a strong position infrastructure markets. They have four brands in leading market-leading these are Professional services Construction services Support services Infrastructure services They provide main services in creation and care of infrastructure that includes investment, project designing, finance, management services, engineering, and construction services. Their main customers are in United Kingdom, Europe, United States, South East Asia, Australia, and Middle East. They deliver the highest level of safety, quality and technical expertise. Question No. 1 The companys gearing decision. You should also evaluate the gearing decision of the firm and comparing it with the theoretical and empirical evidences. Answer: Gearing: Gearing tells us about the relationship between the companys debt and equity shareholders funds. It expressed as a percentage and calculated by dividing the companys debt by its equity. Highly geared company means higher risk and means company unable to pay its large debts. There are several reasons of shareholders interest in gearing for example high gearing risk means that there is a risk on liquidation or insolvency, it increases the instability on dividends. If gearing is high then there is a low chance of receiving dividends is company liquidate. Credit agencies analyse very carefully in companys ratio before offering any loan because if company is highly geared they might not pay the interest. Calculation of gearing ratio: It compares the total borrowing of the company with amount of finance invested into the business. It shows the ratio of the capital raised through the borrowing. Following is the formula to calculate the gearing ratio: Capital employed financed means the total debt financed and share holders funds. Using this formula 25% gearing ratio means 25% of finance comes from debt finance and 75% from equity financed. Company is highly geared if 50% + of total capital comes from long term loan. Gearing Ratio of Balfour Beatty: Gearing Ratio Calculation years Non-Current Assets Current Assets Total Current Liabilities Non-Current Liabilities Total Equity Gearing ratio 2007 1673 1686 3359 2165 711 2876 483 147.205 2008 2378 2166 4544 2809 870 3679 788 110.4061 2009 2818 2576 5394 3044 1344 4388 1238 108.5622 Interpretation: Dividends policy Question no 2 The companys dividend decision. You should report on the companys current dividend policy. If the firm announced a dividend between 05/10/2010 and 09/02/2011. How did the market react to the dividend announcement? Compare and contrast yours selected companys policy to the theoretical and empirical evidences. Answer What is Dividend policy? A firm have different choices regarding dividend policy whether they pay to shareholders as cash dividends, how should be it distributed, and much the cash should be. In broader sense dividend policy also means to take the decision whether to distribute cash to investors via share repurchase rather than regular dividends. How dividend policy effect firms value? There are different views on how dividend policy affects companys value: Dividend increase shareholders wealth (Gordon 1959) Dividends are irrelevant (Miller and Scholes 1978) Dividend decrease shareholders wealth (litzenberger and ramaswamy 1979) Recent research from 1983 to 1987 done by cornell, Shapiro, prezas, ravid, says that there is a relationship between investment and financial decision investor stakeholders (suppliers, customers, banks, employees, distributers) influence the financial decision. Dividend policy of Balfour Beatty and reinvestment plan: Balfour Beatty aims over time to grow the dividend broadly in line with the growth in earnings, taking into account the investment needs of the business. The Board has recommended a final dividend of 7.2p in respect of 2009, giving a full-year dividend of 12.0p (2008: 11.1p adjusted), up 8% on last year. Underlying dividend cover for 2009 is 2.9, slightly lower than the cover of 3.1 last year but the Board believes that this is reasonable given the strength of the Groups cash reserves and future prospects. Balfour Beatty has a dividend reinvested plan which allows their ordinary shareholders to reinvest their cash dividends in companys share from through specially arranged share dealing services. Dividends paid over the years Financial Calendar of Balfour Beatty of 2010 Date Event 1 January Preference dividend payable 4 March 2009 Prelim announcement 21 April Ordinary: ex-dividend date 23 April Ordinary: record date 12 May AGM and provisional date for trading update 26 May Preference: ex-dividend date 28 May Preference: record date 1 June Ordinary: last date for form of election (DRIP) 1 July Preference dividend payable July Interim Management Statement 5 July Ordinary: payment date 11 August Half-year results announcement 6 October Interim ordinary: ex-dividend date 8 October Interim ordinary: record date 3 November Final date for DRIP mandate forms in respect of interim ordinary dividend 11 November Interim Management Statement 24 November Preference: ex-dividend date 26 November Preference: record date 3 December Interim ordinary: dividend payment date For 2011 Date Event 1 January Preference dividend payable 13 January Update on trading for year ended 31 December 2010 3 March 2010 full-year results announcement 12 May Annual General Meeting 17 August 2011 half-year results announcement Question no 3 The companys working capital management. By using appropriate ratio analysis evaluate your selected companys management of working capital. Where are its strengths and weaknesses? Compare and contrast with relevant theoretical and empirical literature. Answer Working Capital Management Working capital is a financial tool which helps to understand the operating liquidity available to the organization including government entity. Working capital measures the organization health and efficiency. If working capital of the organization is positive it means that company is able to pay its short term liabilities. But if working capital is negative its means that company is not able to pay its short term liabilities this could be dangerous for company and also affect its market value and share price. Ratios: A financial ratio is a key to understand the financial situation of the company. Most of the ratios are calculated from the information given in the financial statements. Financial ratio can be used by the managers to help in decision making that will help shareholders, creditors, and financial markets. It helps them to understand the strength and weakness of the company. If shares of the company traded in financial market the share price is also used. There are different types of financial ratios Profitability ratio Liquidity ratio Assets turnover ratio Financial leverage ratio Dividend policy ratio Profitability Ratio: It used to measure the companys used of assets and control over the expenses and generate a good rate of return. It measures the success of the firm on profit generating. Profitability ratios calculated as follows: 31/12/2009 GBP 31/12/2008 GBP 31/12/2007 GBP 31/12/2006 GBP 31/12/2005 GBP Profitability ratios Return on Shareholders Funds (%) 26.65 31.36 32.51 32.30 48.29 Return on Capital Employed (%) 11.36 15.56 13.15 12.78 16.32 Return on Total Assets (%) 4.95 5.94 4.67 4.85 6.29 Profit margin (%) 2.98 3.27 2.43 2.79 3.67 Gross margin (%) 8.72 7.66 7.33 8.16 7.69 Berry ratio (x) 1.38 1.39 1.20 2.04 1.80 EBIT margin (%) 2.39 2.17 1.21 2.76 3.41 EBITDA margin (%) 3.72 3.28 2.12 4.10 4.59 Liquidity ratio: It shows the firms ability to meet its short term liabilities and availability of cash to pay its debts. There are two types of liquidity ratio Ratios   2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Current ratio (x) 0.85 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.90 Liquidity ratio (x) 0.81 0.73 0.75 0.75 0.86 Assets turnover ratio It shows that how efficiently a company uses its assets and generate revenue or sales for the company. Following is the formula to calculate it Financial leverage ratio: Dividend policy ratio: Dividend policy ratio tells about the dividend policy of the company and future growth. There are two different ratio method used to calculate this: Balfour Beatty Trading Update Results for 2010 Balfour Beatty plc will announce their trading results for the year ended 31st December 2010 on 3rd of March 2011. Trading: Their overall performance is regular with their plans. They book high quality book order of  £15 billion which shows the strength of their expertise in technical and integrated solutions. Operational performance: In professional services, performance is more then there

Americium Facts Element 95 or Am

Americium is a radioactive metallic element with atomic number 95 and element symbol Am. Its the only synthetic element encountered in everyday life, in minute quantities in ionization-type smoke detectors. Here is a collection of interesting americium facts and data. Americium Facts Americium was first synthesized and identified in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph James, L Morgan, and Albert Ghiorso at the University of California, Berkeley as part of the Manhattan Project. The element was produced using a 60-inch cyclotron, although its likely earlier experiments had also produced the element. Although element 95 was discovered by synthesizing it, americium occurs naturally as a trace element in uranium-containing minerals. In the distant past, the element occurred naturally from nuclear reactions as recently as a billion years ago. All of this americium has already decayed into daughter isotopes. The element name americium is for America. Americium is located directly below the lanthanide element europium, which is named for Europe. Americium is a shiny silver radioactive metal. All isotopes of this element are radioactive. The isotope with the longest half-life is americium-243, which has a half-life of 7370 years. The most common isotopes are americium-241, with a half-life of 432.7 years, and americium-243. Americium-242 is also known, with a half-life of 141 years. In total, 19 isotopes and 8 nuclear isomers have been characterized. The isotopes variously undergo alpha, beta, and gamma decay. The primary uses of americium are in smoke detectors and for scientific research. Its possible the radioactive element may be used for spacecraft batteries. Americium-241 pressed with beryllium is a good neutron source. Like many radioactive elements, americium is useful for producing other elements. Element 95 and its compounds are useful portable alpha and gamma sources. Nuclear power plants naturally produce americium as part of the decay sequence from the neutron bombardment of plutonium. A few grams of the element is produced using this method each year. The physical and chemical properties of americium are similar to those of plutonium (the element to its left on the periodic table) and europium (the element above it on the periodic table). Fresh americium is a shiny silver-white lustrous metal, but it slowly tarnishes in air. The metal is soft and easily deformed with a lower bulk modulus than the actinides preceding it on the table. Its melting point is higher than that of plutonium and europium, but lower than that of curium. Americium is less dense than plutonium, yet denser than europium. Americium is paramagnetic over a wide temperature range, from extremely cold temperatures to above room temperature. The most common oxidation state of element 95 is 3, but it can range anywhere from 2 to 8. The range of oxidation states is the widest for any actinide element. The ions are colored in aqueous solution. The 3 state is colorless to reddish yellow, 4 state is reddish yellow, with brown and green colors for other states. Each oxidation state has a distinctive absorption spectrum. The crystal structure of americium depends on temperature and pressure. Under normal conditions, the metal is seen in a stable alpha form that has hexagonal crystal symmetry. When the metal is compressed, it changes to the beta form, which has face-centered cubic symmetry. Increasing the pressure even more (23 GPa) transforms americium into its gamma form, which is orthorhombic. A monoclinic crystal phase has also been observed, but its unclear exactly what conditions cause it. Like other actinides, americium self-damages its crystal lattice from alpha decay. This is especially noticeable at low temperatures. The metal dissolves in acids and reacts with oxygen. Americium may be used together with phosphorescent zinc sulfide to make a homemade spinthariscope, which is a sort of radiation detector that predates the Geiger counter. The radioactive decay of americium provides energy to the phosphor, causing it to emit light. There is no known biological role of americium in living organisms. Its generally considered toxic because of its radioactivity. Americium Atomic Data Element Name: Americium Element Symbol: Am Atomic Number: 95 Atomic Weight: (243) Element Group: f-block element, actinide (transuranic series) Element Period: period 7 Electron Configuration:  [Rn] 5f7  7s2 (2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2) Appearance: Silver metallic solid. Melting Point:  1449  K  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(1176  Ã‚ °C, ​2149  Ã‚ °F) Boiling Point:  2880  K ​(2607  Ã‚ °C, ​4725  Ã‚ °F)  predicted Density:  12  g/cm3 Atomic Radius: 2.44 Anstroms Oxidation States: 6, 5, 4, 3

A Book Review of Lost History by Michael Hamilton Morgan

UICI 2022– F1 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY amp; MANKIND DR. ABDUL AZEEZ YUSUF BOOK REVIEW: Book Review of â€Å"Lost History† by Michael Hamilton Morgan (30th NOVEMBER 2012) BY MEHRAN QADRI (A11CS2005) AHMAD AL RAZI (A11KP2008) MUHAMMAD SAYID SABIQ (AC102001) 1. Introduction The book that we have chosen to review is titled â€Å"Lost History, the Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers and Artists†. The author of the book is Michael Hamilton Morgan. The book was published in the year 2007 and also holds the same copyright date. The book is a non-fiction. The main subject matter of the book is the history of the Islamic civilization from the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)†¦show more content†¦These facts certainly challenge the modern western civilization which claims that the above mentioned advancements in science as mathematics were made by Greek philosophers. The author also delightfully reminds the reader that it was in Baghdad that Scheherazade told the famous tales of the One Thousand and One Nights. The author also states the qualities of Muslim leadership using examples from Caliph AbÃ… « Bakr, Caliph `AlÄ « and others who championed an ethos of social fairness and justice, advanced public health and tolerance of diversity in faith, nationality, and ethnicity. He also mentions the character and work style of HÄ rÃ… «n al-RashÄ «d and focuses on the manner in which the Christian Crusaders treated the population in Jerusalem after conquering the city in 1099. They spared neither men nor women nor children, in sharp contrast to the manner in which Saladin treated the population of Jerusalem when he conquered it again in 1187. These facts are a rebuttal to the modern western civilizations who call the system of the Islamic Caliphate a dictatorship. 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How to Create the Ideal Study Space

Your study space is critical to your ability to study effectively. This doesnt necessarily imply that you have to find a place thats completely silent and set it up as your study area, but it does mean you should find a place to study that fits your specific personality and learning style. Identifying Your Ideal Study Space Everyone has different study preferences. Some of us need a completely quiet room free from any audible distractions. Others actually study better listening to quiet music in the background or taking several breaks. You will study most effectively if you make your study time special, like a ceremony. Assign yourself a specific place and regular time. Some students even give a name to their study space. It might sound crazy, but it works. By naming your study space, you generate more respect for your own space. It might just keep your little brother away from your things too! Creating Your Study Space Evaluate your personality and preferences. Discover whether or not you are vulnerable to noise and other distractions. Determine if you work better by sitting quietly for a long period of time or if you need to take short breaks once in a while and then return to your work.Identify the space and claim it. Your bedroom may be the best place to study, or it may not be. Some students associate their bedrooms with rest and simply cant concentrate there. A bedroom can also be problematic  if you share a room with a sibling. If you need a quiet place without distraction, it might be better for you to set up a place in the attic, basement, or garage, completely away from others.Make sure your study area is comfortable. It is very important to set up your computer and chair in a way that wont harm your hands, wrists, and neck. Make sure your chair and monitor are the right height and lend themselves to a proper ergonomic position for hours of comfortable studying. Take care to avoid repeti tive stress injury as this can lead to lifelong difficulties. Next, stock your study space with all the tools and supplies you’ll need, and make sure space is comfortable in temperature.Establish study rules. Avoid unnecessary arguments and misunderstandings with your parents by establishing when and how you study. If you know that you are able to study effectively by taking breaks, just say so. You may want to create a homework contract. Communicate with your parents and explain the ways in which you study best and why its important for you to take breaks, listen to music, grab a snack, or make use of whatever method best enables effective studying.

The University New Haven Teachers Institute - 1344 Words

I am presently employed by Yale University in the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute ®. We are a small, unique department with our own endowment that functions under the Provost s office. We are almost like a virtual operation because we have little or no formal structure when compared to other departments in the University. We have a small staff of individuals who have a specific job/role in the Institute. We have a Director, an Associate Director, a Web Designer, a Database Developer, an Administrator, an IT Manager, and a Senior Administrative Assistant. The Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute ® is an educational partnership between Yale University and the New Haven Public Schools designed to strengthen teaching and learning in local†¦show more content†¦Following the approach developed in New Haven and implemented in other communities, the Initiative is timely because of the emphasis that public policy makers and educators continue to place on the fundamental necessity of effective teaching for student learning, the precept on which Teachers Institutes are founded. I described the function of our department in great detail to clearly depict how our department is focused more on goal setting than outcomes. We generally know what the outcomes will be because we provide professional development for public school teachers based on a seasonal cycle of completion. For me, it is a matter of working independently toward meeting set objectives in a timely fashion. For the past seven years, I have been the Senior Administrative Assistant for our department. The Associate Director is my direct supervisor. I collaborated with her on a daily basis for four years in our New Haven office. Three years ago, due to family obligations, she moved to Pennsylvania. This changed the whole dynamic of the office environment. We were uncertain what to anticipate – dreading the outcome. At first, it seemed like a very strange setup, but the transition from direct co ntact each day to receiving assignments via email, and the occasional phone call has, surprisingly, been quite smooth. Currently, my supervisor is only on ground

Leadership Styles And Its Impact On Organizational Success

In an organizational context, â€Å"a group is defined as two or more employees who interact with each other in such a manner that the behavior and/or performance of a member is influenced by the behavior and/or performance of other members† (Gibson et al. 230). Groups are a fundamental part of an organization and help to achieve organizational success. There are many factors regarding the behavior of group members, leadership styles, the use of power and politics, and types of conflict that have a large impact on organizational success. There are two different types of groups. There are formal groups, which are â€Å"created by managerial decision to accomplish stated goals of the organization† and there are informal groups, which â€Å"arise from individual efforts and develop around common interests and friendships rather than deliberate design† (Gibson et al. 231). The informal groups are not formally structured and are created to meet social needs. Within th e two groups are sub-classes. Command groups and task groups are types of formal groups that are formed in organizations. The members of a command group are â€Å"subordinates who report directly to a given supervisor† (Gibson et al. 231) An example of a command group is a department manager and the employees that work in that department. Task groups are made up of employees working together to complete particular tasks such as a group of individuals creating a new product for their company. There are also two types of informalShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1112 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Style Leadership is a process by which a person influences the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of others (Agard, 2011, p. 330). Leadership models can enable or hinder an organizations success. Additionally, leadership styles impact how effectively organizations reach their goals. 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Contractual Issues Arising in the Eccles and Moriarty Case Study

Question: Analysis the Contractual Issues arising in the Eccles and Moriarty Case Study. Answer: Introduction The scenario provided describes a transaction for the trade of Nepalese jade figurines between Eccles (the buyer) and Moriarty (the seller). The transaction begun after Eccles received a circular in the mail advertising the sale of the figurines. The facts of the case raise various issues under contract law; the following discourse will highlight and analyse each of these issues independently in order to determine the rights and liabilities of both parties involves. The main issue in question being whether Eccles can return the figurine and claim a refund or whether Moriarty is entitled to sue for the balance. Invitation to Treat Issue: Is Moriarty bound by the special offer sent to Eccles by mail on 1st March and Eccles subsequent acceptance? Principles: The law requires that for a contract to be valid an agreement must exist; the elements of an agreement include an offer and subsequent acceptance of said offer;[1] there must be a meeting of minds as illustrated in Smith v Hughes (1871).[2] An offer, however, should not be mistaken for an invitation to treat which would be the invitation for further negotiation and not a willingness to be committed should a buyer respond in the affirmative.[3] Advertisements, more often than not, are taken as invitations to treat; this was illustrated in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots (1953).[4] In this case, was of the opinion that a contract would not be complete merely because a customer picked goods and placed them in their basket, the seller or their agent would have to accept that the goods are indeed for sale.[5] However, where the conduct of the party can be construed to show intention, as in the Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893) case, then the seller will b e bound by the agreement should the buyer accept the offer.[6] Application: Having considered the standing of the law on offers and invitations to treat; Moriarty sent out circulars by post to potential buyers, Eccles happened to be one of the recipients. Circulars are a means of advertisement as catalogues, price lists among others; these, in the same manner as displays in shops, would be considered an invitation to treat.[7] This is because; the seller on issuing them expresses no intention to be bound but simply invites buyers to negotiate further. The same can be said for the circular issued by Moriarty, it was sent as an advertisement; it is, therefore, an invitation for Eccles to make an offer which he did by placing an order, Moriarty could then chose to accept or reject Eccles offer. Conclusion: Moriarty made an invitation and therefore acceptance would not bind them to the agreement but rather create an offer from Eccles. Counter Offer or Misleading Conduct Issues: What is the effect of the typographical error listing the price as $250 instead of $350? Does it constitute a counter offer? Is Moriarty liable for misrepresentation? Principles: A counter offer is a presentation of a different set of terms or the alteration of already existing but important terms to the contract.[8] Lush J in Stevenson, Jacques Co v McLean (1880)[9] differentiated between a mere request for clarification or added information and a counter-offer. When a counter-offer is made, the counter-offeree can accept or reject the counter offer, of which both options revoke the original offer. As illuminated in Hyde v Wrench (1840)[10], the counter offer serves to effectively terminate the original offer unless the offeror reaffirms it expressly after rejecting the counter offer. As such, bringing up a new price would constitute a counter offer as it alters a principle term in the original agreement. If and when accepted, a new contract is formed binding on both parties. Additionally, it is important to note that the law prohibits parties from providing false information to induce another party to engage in the contract; such false information would be considered a misrepresentation.[11] According to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), misrepresentations on quality, value, use and even price would be considered an offence that could lead to penalties being visited on the offender.[12] As illustrated in ACCC v Audi Australia Pty Ltd (2007), where an advertisement as to a purchase price is misleading, the buyer can opt to rescind the contract or make a claim for damages. However, where they discover the misrepresentation and proceed to complete the contract then they shall be bound by the new terms. A misrepresentation may be innocent, where the seller believes the statement to be true, or fraudulent, where it was made with the knowledge that it was untrue. A seller who makes a misrepresentation believing the statement to be true can rely on t heir innocence as a defence.[13] Application: Moriarty on 6th March issued a reply to Eccles order citing a typographical error in the original circular; as a result, the price was increased to $100. This new price could be seen as a counter offer and when Eccles decided to proceed then a new contract was formed. Additionally, the previous information on price had been false, a falsehood Eccles saw as questionable marketing practice. On this ground, and at this juncture, Eccles could have opted to rescind the contract and request a refund. If Moriarty issued the statement while aware of the error then they would be engaging in fraud which would make them liable to penalties as an offence in law. However, if they were honestly unaware they would rely on innocent misrepresentation as a defence. Conclusion: The typographical error brought about new terms thus cancelling the original offer, Eccles agreement to the new price on 9th March created a new agreement. Moriarty is only liable in so far as they were aware of the misrepresentation, otherwise, they can rely on innocent misrepresentation as a defence. The Postal Rule Issue: What is the effect of Eccles communication on 9th March and his subsequent decision to rescind the contract? Principle: In contract law, it is important that all responses are communicated so that they can be effective. An offer may describe the mode in which responses may be received or communication made, if this is not specified it is assumed that the means used to make the offer would suffice as a mode of communication.[14] Where a reply by post is required but not specified as the only means of communication then the offeree can opt for a more instantaneous means of response. However, should a delay arise then the risk and subsequent consequences are borne by the offeree.[15] In the case of post or other non-instantaneous modes of communication, acceptance occurs when the letter is posted. This was the holding in Bressan v Squires (1974) where a contract provided that communication of acceptance could be done by post addressed to the seller. Where the parties contemplate, either impliedly or expressly, that communication can be done by post then communication will be deemed to have occurred upon sending the letter not receipt.[16] In Bryne Co v Leon Van Tienhoven Co (1880), the defendants posted a letter withdrawing the offer; this information did not reach the plaintiff until after they had already issued and confirmed acceptance. The court found the letter of withdrawal ineffective stating the contract was completed by the subsequent acceptance.[17] Revocation, therefore, must be received and understood while acceptance is binding upon sending and not receipt.[18] Additionally, termination must be done prior to acceptance or commencement of performance;[19] where acceptance has occurred or performance commenced, the party revoking or terminating the contract may be liable for breach and as such subject to pay compensation by way of damages. Application: Eccles accepted the new price, by sending a reply with his payment enclosed. As soon as the post was sent then it is deemed that acceptance had been communicated and as such the contract completed binding both parties. As the mode of communication had been by mail throughout the transaction then it is implied that this was an accepted means for both parties. As such, whether Moriarty had received the letter or not does not in any way negate the Eccles acceptance on the 9th of March. Additionally, after the acceptance by post then neither of the parties can purpose to terminate the contract without consequences. The terms of the new contract were such that, where Eccles did not communicate by 10th March then Moriarty would proceed with the contract. This, however, is not in line with the spirit of the rules of acceptance which require that acceptance be communicated. Furthermore, Moriarty sent the figurine before the end of 10th March; the phrase no later than would mean that this wou ld be the last day allowed for communication. Regardless, Eccles communication on 9th March bound him to the contract. Conclusion: Moriarty can sue for the balance as a contract existed as of 9th March, however, Eccles can rely on the doctrine of Misrepresentation citing Moriartys conduct to rescind the contract and seek a refund by way of damages. References A Articles/Books/Reports Andy Gibson and Douglas Fraser, Business Law 2014, (Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) ACCC, Advertising and selling guide: False or misleading claims Australian Competition Consumer Commission https://www.accc.gov.au/publications/advertising-selling/advertising-and-selling-guide/avoid-misleading-or-deceptive-claims-or-conduct/false-or-misleading-claims Ewan Mckendrick and Qiao Liu, Contract Law: Australian Edition (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) Legal Services Commission, False or misleading representations (22 February 2013) Law Handbook https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s03s03s03.php Legal Services Commission, Misrepresentation (2 March 2009) Law Handbook https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s02s10.php Paul Latimer, Australian Business Law (CCH Australia Limited, 2012) Neil Andrews, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, 2015) B Cases Bressan v Squires [1974] 2 NSWLR 460. Bryne Co v Leon Van Tienhoven Co (1880) LR 5 CPD 344 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 Hyde v Wrench [1840] 49 ER 132] Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots [1953] 1 All ER 482 Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597Stevenson, Jacques Co v McLean [1880] 5 QBD 346 Tinn v Hoffman Co (1873) 29 LT 271. LegislationCompetition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) Ewan Mckendrick and Qiao Liu, Contract Law: Australian Edition (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) 26. Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597. Neil Andrews, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, 2015) 37. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots [1953] 1 All ER 482. Ibid. Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256Andy Gibson and Douglas Fraser, Business Law 2014, (Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) 339. Andrews, above n 3, 57. Stevenson, Jacques Co v McLean [1880] 5 QBD 346 Hyde v Wrench [1840] 49 ER 132] ACCC, Advertising and selling guide: False or misleading claims Australian Competition Consumer Commission https://www.accc.gov.au/publications/advertising-selling/advertising-and-selling-guide/avoid-misleading-or-deceptive-claims-or-conduct/false-or-misleading-claims Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), s 29; Legal Services Commission, False or misleading representations (22 February 2013) Law Handbook https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s03s03s03.php Legal Services Commission, Misrepresentation (2 March 2009) Law Handbook https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s02s10.php Paul Latimer, Australian Business Law (CCH Australia Limited, 2012) 332. Tinn v Hoffman Co (1873) 29 LT 271. Bressan v Squires [1974] 2 NSWLR 460. Bryne Co v Leon Van Tienhoven Co (1880) LR 5 CPD 344 Andy Gibson and Douglas Fraser, Business Law 2014, (Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) 349.Ibid, 348.

Effects of Dota free essay sample

It competed with Bay and Pagsanjan during the selection of the province’s capital. The popularity of this new town grew instantly during the Spanish period. Its location at the foot of the mountain gave it an abundant supply of fresh mountain spring water. Four rivers flowed through the town. They were Initian, Oobi and Ula, from the towering mountain, and Balanac from the falls of Botocan where all the three rivers meet. Botocan Falls and the town’s breathtaking sceneries were uniquely famous. Europeans and wealthy natives from Manila frequently visited the town. However, the road to Malay Barangay was tough. Guests have to be ferried from Manila through the Pasig River to Laguna de Bay. Land travel began by mounting on horses through a path in the forest, and then borne by natives in hammocks on the way up to Malay Barangay. As to how Malay Barangay got its name Majayjay, residents assume that Spaniards found it difficult to pronounce Malay Barangay. Early colonizers may have shortened it to Malay-ay, until it became Majayjay. Legends, however say that it was the difficult journey to Majayjay, which gave the town its name. Tired travelers sighed, â€Å"Hay! † after scaling a cliff, â€Å"Hay! † after ascending a hill, and â€Å"Hay! † after crossing a raging river. Thus, guests referred to the place â€Å"Mahayhay,† meaning, many sighs. Spaniards spelled it â€Å"Majayjay. † Immediately after the conversion of the natives of Malay Barangay, a make shift church was built near May-it River. Fire destroyed it in 1578. Believers built a new church made of bamboo and cogon thatch to refurbish the former. However, fire again razed it to the ground. This time, the faithful built a stone church, but it again smoldered to ashes. The residents wondered. In spite of the repeated incidents of fire, the image of their Patron Saint, San Gregorio Papa Magno remained miraculously unscathed. Through the efforts of Padre Jose de Puertollano, contributions enforced from parishioners, and forced labor of the natives, a new elegant church rose in Majayjay. It took nineteen years, incalculable donations and countless lash marks that scarred the backs of languid natives to finish the church. The church’s completion in 1730 put it in the list of the most elegant churches in the province. The St. Gregory Church IN RETROSPECT, Christianizing Filipinos was the other side of Spanish conquest of the Philippines. Memories of this period are enshrined in colonial churches an Augustinian priest fondly calls angels in stones or messengers from heaven. The 280-year-old St. Gregory Church of Majayjay in Laguna not only bears the endearing term but also serves as one of the living testaments to the strong religious overtones that blended with the colonial rule. The pioneer evangelists in the Philippines were Augustinian friars who were not only preachers but also excellent architects and planners known in Spain during that time. They arrived in the Philippines in 1565 with the expedition of Legaspi and Urdaneta. The rest followed, with the Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans and Augustinian Recollects. How they carried out their missions is a chronicle of dramatic events that culminated at the end of the regime in 1898, in a legacy of 326 towns established, each with a church and 2,237,446 converted souls. Pale-skinned strangers In 1568, five Augustinian priests came to Majayjay accompanied by Juan de Salcedo, a nephew of Legaspi. The town was a small village in the middle of a scrubland at the end of steep and winding trails. In the beginning, the villagers were skeptical, viewing the pale-skinned strangers with strong suspicion that they came to rule their village. Their chieftain named Gat Yantok turned down the conference and with his men walked away, murmuring war. Seasoned in Mexico in handling this kind of situation, the missionaries left humbly but came back later with porters carrying luggage containing food, clothing and other items which they doled out to the natives as tokens of goodwill. They also attended to the sick. Continuing with this act of largesse, the Spanish missionaries finally won the hearts of the natives and conciliated them into embracing the Christian religion. Gat Yantok and his men had no choice but to join the mainstream. And as Christian converts, they even participated in a mass circumcision which was part of the initiation rites of the Christian religion. Majayjay was founded as a town in 1571, so named because during that time one had to gasp for wind and say? Hay? Repeatedly while scaling steep hills that led to the place. Majayjay derives from the Tagalog word mahayhay, which in English means many? hays.? The foundation of a town included the construction of a church and convent which, as directed by Ordinanza de Fundaciones de Pueblos, should be in a conspicuous spot far across the horizon. The Ordinanza was referring to the town plaza where the gobierno was also located. First church The first church of Majayjay was made of bamboo and boxo or dried cogon grass and built by the Spaniards on the west bank of May-it river in 1571. Given its light materials, it was later destroyed in a fire. Four others that were built through 1711 used lumber but were also destroyed by fire, except for one that simply crumbled down. Now wary of similar incidents, the Augustinian planners drew an architectural plan for another church that would survive for ages. The church would become today? s St. Gregory Church, named after San Gregorio Papa Magno of the early papacy. The St. Gregory Church is built of adobe stones with red tiles and prime lumber. At a construction cost of P26, 000, it took the natives of Majayjay 19 years to build it, until 1730. At the onset, the workers who included women were barely paid so that a few of them evacuated to the nearby province of Tayabas (now Quezon). To prevent other workers from fleeing, the priests implemented a fair wage system and scheduled construction work outside the harvest and planting seasons so as not to hamper the agriculture of the natives. No record shows the accounting of salaries paid for the construction of St. Gregory Church, but if patterned after the Sto. Nino Shrine in Cebu, where the workers received a total of P399 in five years, they must have received a total of P1, 500 in 19 years. Particularly during wet days, mishaps often took place during the construction of St. Gregory Church, resulting in injuries or deaths. Upon its completion in 1730, St. Gregory Church was considered the biggest in the Philippines. During its inauguration that year, a canon was fired in the presence of prominent colonial figures. Among the noted visitors was a wealthy European named Fidel Villaraza who came from Valencia, Spain. Senor Villaraza was fascinated with a beautiful native girl and later married her. From their marriage came the now large Villaraza clan in Majayjay. Romanesque Colonial churches in the Philippines are described as Romanesque or Baroque or Gothic in architectural style. The St. Gregory church is Romanesque, with its massive features and rounded arches. This style thrived in Western Europe in the 18th century. Completing the colonial structure is a monastery laid out in the traditional L-shape, where ecclesiastical events were held. St. Gregory Church has a three-story hexagonal bell tower, its main bell weighing approximately 3,000 kilos, delivering a thunderous peal reverberating at a radius of 3 kilometers. The nave is rectangular, above which is the pulpit and a clerestory where the choir loft is. There is a mysterious dark hole that looks like a cave on the west side of a dim alley on the ground floor of the monastery. Since after the Spanish era, no one has dared explore it because, it is believed, danger lurks inside. According to town mayor Tino Rodillas, lore has it that the dark hole leads to a tunnel running hundreds of meters southward, ending in a ravine. The tunnel, the old folk believed, served as the secret route for Spanish military officers who wanted to leave town without the people knowing it. Some time ago, some religious items in the reliquary dating back to the galleon-trade era went missing. The loss caused public uproar, but was soon forgotten. Puente Del Capricho 9TH-CENTURY Spanish photo of Puente Del Capricho In Majayjay, Laguna The thing is an ancient ruin of a weird, huge arch. It stands forlorn at the base of a steep ravine walled in by a thick jungle and the Olya River in Majayjay. It’s a tall arch, moss-covered, with wild ferns and creeping vines growing in its cracks and crevices. Below is a dark green lagoon where we swam and frolicked naked when we were young b oys many moons ago. Villagers made a makeshift bamboo footbridge attached to the abandoned arch. It is used as a shortcut by village people going on foot to the town of Majayjay. Old folks say the construction of the arch stopped abruptly in 1852. It was part of a three-arch bridge that would have shortened the route to Majayjay. Tales of political and clerical intrigues spun wildly, involving civil engineers under Governor General Urbiztondo and the hierarchy of the Franciscan religious order in Intramuros. The dual rule of the Spanish colonial government of civil administration and Christian evangelization of the archipelago sometimes overlapped, resulting in the confusion of accountability as exemplified by the scandalous and aborted bridge in Majayjay. At the center of the controversy was Fray Victorino del Moral, cura paroco of Majayjay, who supervised the construction of the bridge in the early part of 1852. Fray Del Moral, a Franciscan priest, was a strong presence in town. Young, energetic, outspoken and a disciplinarian, he was an old-world missionary evangelizer whose gospel oratory and administrative skill played important roles in the progress of his parish and the whole community. Evangelization The Franciscan order, to which Fray Del Moral belonged, was the second biggest group of friars who arrived in 1578. They took over the vangelization of the towns around Manila and Laguna de Bay all the way to south Luzon, including the Bicol region. The Franciscans built many beautiful churches, bridges, roads and dams. Many are still existing, such as the churches of Majayjay, Paete, Pakil, Lucban and Tayabas. In the Bicol region, they built Naga Cathedral and many others in Sorsogon. They also established charitable houses and ho spitals such as San Juan de Dios and San Lazaro hospitals. The aborted bridge that Fray Del Moral supervised in the ravines of the Olya River acquired two descriptive tags, which became famous. To my ancestors and the people of Majayjay, the bridge was called â€Å"Tulay ng Pigi† (buttocks bridge), to honor our ancestors who worked on the bridge—and got whacked on their buttocks. Latecomers for the job were given a dozen whacks with a paddle. There’s a strong suspicion that the work stoppage was a boycott, in protest against the physical punishment endured by laborers who reported late for work. Government representatives sent by Governor General Urbiztondo filed a report which devastated the pride and honor of Fray Del Moral. The report cited ignorance of scientific studies and engineering principles in the construction. The report strongly recommended the demolition of the bridge and construction of a new one based on proper project studies with engineering and architectural planning. As an insult to Fray Del Moral, the report further said the bridge building should not have been placed under the management of persons who do not have the engineering know-how and scientific knowledge. The Manila authorities gave the bridge a mocking title: Puente del Capricho, â€Å"bridge of whim. A Celebrated Traveller By the 17th  century, Majayjay was already famous for its church, one of the oldest in the Philippines, making it a popular destination among travelers and pilgrims. At that time, the travel from Manila was quite complicated. It involves a boat ride up the Pasig River across Laguna de Bay then a ride on a hammock borne by native bearers up the slippery hillside to the town. Yet despite the hardships, M ajayjay hosted Manila officials and guests, including some European royalties. Visitors in those days stayed in fine stone houses along the main street and around the plaza. A traveler  during the American period was so captivated  by Majayjay that he ordered  a road constructed  from the town to Botocan Falls (currently use by the  National Power Corporation to  harness hydroelectricity). The celebrated traveler was Governor and later US President  William Howard Taft. Today, a journey to Majayjay is an easy drive over good roads, though lodging is a problem. While the elegant ancestral houses are still present, they seldom open their doors to strangers.

Sample Essay Questions For Science and Math Students

Sample Essay Questions For Science and Math StudentsWhen I first began taking college courses in high school, my teachers had to ask me to write a sample essay to accompany some of the science and math tests we were required to take. A sample is not much different from a real test, but it is often easier to write an essay about something that you already know.Often the student's writing ability was their best test of their knowledge and understanding of the subject, and I remember wondering why they were trying to prove themselves when the tests already established their skill. I quickly learned that there was no easy way to show how much one was aware of the subject, but that a little practice could often make all the difference.In college, the sample essay questions have gotten a bit easier, and it is now usually possible to make the entire essay (or section) as easy as possible. There are a couple of different formats for samples. One is the Multiple Choice essay format, where a s tudent has to answer a series of three questions and answer them in the correct order.Another is the Check-List format, which means that students write about what they've learned and how they can apply it to solve a problem. In both cases, I find that a good teacher will be willing to let students do a little bit of reading and/or research first. The important thing is that they have an idea of the problem they are solving, and that they don't have too much information about it. As long as they know the facts and how they fit into the whole thing, they should be able to do a decent job.I find that there is a pretty big difference between the number of tests students take in a semester, and the number of science and math tests that they take throughout their college career. It is easier to earn an A in high school, but if the student can pass more than ten tests, then it may mean that the student isn't really learning very much in those tests.If you are concerned about doing too many or too few samples for a particular class, then just take some of the examples from that class and use the topics in the essay to help you cover the same ground as the sample. For example, if a student takes ten SAT subjects (Science, Math, English, and Writing), and they're going to write about five of those subjects, then they should be able to use the topics from the samples to expand on their topic knowledge. As long as they have the information to build on, then they should be able to show their proficiency.Using samples in your essays can help students see their knowledge in an organized manner. Also, if they have a sense of direction, they will have a greater likelihood of being able to finish the assignment on time.

[pic] Essays (3148 words) - Physics, Chemistry, Nature, Spectroscopy

[pic] This activity will focus on the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Background Information: About 300 years ago, Sir Isaac Newton saw a beam of sunlight through a glass prism. He discovered that light is made up of a spectrum of seven distinct visible colors. This spectrum of colors always appears in the same order. You can see this color spectrum (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet and all the colors in between) when you look through a diffraction grating. There are two color ranges that are not visible to our eyes in this spectrum: below red is infra-red and above violet is ultra- violet. In a rainbow after a rainstorm this same color spectrum appears in the same order. Rainbows are created when sunlight passes through rain drops that act as millions of tiny prisms. The color of a solid object depends on the colors of light that it reflects. A red object looks red because it reflects red light and absorbs all other colors. A blue object looks blue because it reflects blue light and absorbs all other colors. A white object reflects all colors of light equally and appears white. A black object absorbs all colors and reflects no visible light and appears black. Just like when you color with too many colors in one area with crayons or markers, all colors are absorbed, none are reflected and it appears black! Explanation of visible light at the electronic level: What do fireworks, lasers, and neon signs have in common? In each case, we see the brilliant colors because the atoms and molecules are emitting energy in the form of visible light. The chemistry of an element strongly depends on the arrangement of the electrons. Electrons in an atom are normally found in the lowest energy level called the ground state. However, they can be "excited" to a higher energy level if given the right amount of energy, usually in the form of heat or electricity. Once the electron is excited to a higher energy level, it quickly loses the energy and "relaxes" back to a more stable, lower energy level. If the energy released is the same amount as the energy that makes up visible light, the element produces a color. The visible spectrum, showing the wavelengths corresponding to each color, is shown below: [pic] Note: [1 = 0.1 nm] Is light a particle or a wave? Is light composed of waves or of particles? If light is waves, then one can always reduce the amount of light by making the waves weaker, while if light is particles, there is a minimum amount of light you can have - a single ``particle'' of light. In 1905, Einstein found the answer: Light is both! In some situations it behaves like waves, while in others it behaves like particles. This may seem odd. How can light act like both a wave and a particle at the same time? Consider a duck-billed platypus. It has some duck-like properties and some beaver-like properties, but it is neither. Similarly, light has some wavelike properties and some particle like properties, but it is neither a pure wave nor a pure particle. [pic] A wave of light has a wavelength, defined as the distance from one crest of the wave to the next, and written using the symbol [pic]. The wavelengths of visible light are quite small: between 400 mm and 650 nm, where 1 nm = 10-9 m is a ``nanometer'' - one billionth of a meter. Red light has long wavelengths, while blue light has short wavelengths. A particle of light, known as a photon, has an energy E. The energy of a single photon of visible light is tiny, barely enough to disturb one atom; we use units of "electron-volts", abbreviated as eV, to measure the energy of photons. Photons of red light have low energies, while photons of blue light have high energies. The energy E of a photon is proportional to the wave frequency f, E = h f where the constant of proportionality h is the Planck's Constant, h = 6.626 x 10-34 J s. Also, the relationship between frequency and wavelength can be defined as: f = c ? where c is the speed of light (3108 metres per second). So photons still have a wavelength. A famous result of quantum mechanics is that the wavelength relates to the energy of the photon. The longer the wavelength, the smaller the energy. For instance, ultraviolet photons have shorter wavelengths than visible photons, and thus more energy. This is why they can give you sunburn,

Free Essays on Lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus, or simply lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease or immune system malfunction. A person's immune system normally protects the person from viruses, bacteria and other foreign materials. When a person has an autoimmune diseases like lupus, the immune system turns against itself and attacks itself. Lupus does not have a known cause, and because of that it has no known cure. The exact cause of lupus is unknown, but scientists suspect that it is likely to be a combination of factors, people who contract lupus are probably genetically predisposed to lupus, and know that environmental factors such as infections, antibodies, ultraviolet light, extreme stress and certain drugs play a critical role in triggering lupus. Managing lupus is different from person to person. Individuals with lupus can usually live a normal life span. Medications are usually prescribed to patients, although treatment is not required at all times, but most patients will undergo some treatment. Some medications that are often prescribed for people with lupus are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, corticosteroids, antimalarials and immunomodulating drugs. The treatment goal for lupus is to stop the immune system from attacking & destroying vital organs. Another popular treatment for lupus is simply exercising and eating right. Since we have no known cause of lupus, you cannot prevent it. It is sometimes referred to as a chronic disease because there in no cure at the moment and if a person experiences lupus’ symptoms that person will have lupus forever. One complication about lupus, is the flares that individuals will experience. People with this disease must have blood tests to predict these flares. When a lupus flare occurs, people will usually notice a return of the symptoms they experienced previously, but sometimes they will notice new symptoms. Some may be fever, swollen joints, increase in fatigue, ra... Free Essays on Lupus Free Essays on Lupus Systemic lupus erythematosus, or simply lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease or immune system malfunction. A person's immune system normally protects the person from viruses, bacteria and other foreign materials. When a person has an autoimmune diseases like lupus, the immune system turns against itself and attacks itself. Lupus does not have a known cause, and because of that it has no known cure. The exact cause of lupus is unknown, but scientists suspect that it is likely to be a combination of factors, people who contract lupus are probably genetically predisposed to lupus, and know that environmental factors such as infections, antibodies, ultraviolet light, extreme stress and certain drugs play a critical role in triggering lupus. Managing lupus is different from person to person. Individuals with lupus can usually live a normal life span. Medications are usually prescribed to patients, although treatment is not required at all times, but most patients will undergo some treatment. Some medications that are often prescribed for people with lupus are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, corticosteroids, antimalarials and immunomodulating drugs. The treatment goal for lupus is to stop the immune system from attacking & destroying vital organs. Another popular treatment for lupus is simply exercising and eating right. Since we have no known cause of lupus, you cannot prevent it. It is sometimes referred to as a chronic disease because there in no cure at the moment and if a person experiences lupus’ symptoms that person will have lupus forever. One complication about lupus, is the flares that individuals will experience. People with this disease must have blood tests to predict these flares. When a lupus flare occurs, people will usually notice a return of the symptoms they experienced previously, but sometimes they will notice new symptoms. Some may be fever, swollen joints, increase in fatigue, ra...

Enterprise Resource Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enterprise Resource Planning - Research Paper Example The product that has been chosen for analysis, SAP ERP, also offers the services to manage one’s business and provide a structured form to the business operations. SAP (2011) explained that SAP ERP has a diverse range of services related to it; self-services for managers and employees, sales-order management, corporate performance management etc. The module of self services (for manager and employees) enables the employees to apply for leaves, in accordance with the number of leaves that have been unconsumed by them. The leaves are instantly sent to the manager in an automated manner for his approval. This system can be useful to create efficiency and productivity in the human resources operations since all the operations are automated. SAP (2011) stated that the availability of data, such as on-going projects and previous leave applications, facilitates effective decision making from the manager. The module of sales order management offers access control to sales data, order processing and basis for the analysis of relevant data. Enterprise Resource Planning Newsletter (2011) agreed that the automation of operations reduces the need for constant administration; therefore administration costs can be reduced significantly.

Letter of Interest Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter of Interest - Assignment Example the future and I made sure to continue my training in that field by completing short term computer studies in Website Design and training in the use of DHTML. I also possess Certificates of Completion in C+, Visual Basic, and Perl Software, computer languages which are the basis of all the current modern day computer software. I was blessed to have grown up in an era when the game consoles were but a developing segment of entertainment. It is my opinion that only someone like me, who has been using the previous incarnations of the game consoles, who can best understand the problems of the clients and help them solve it without getting too technical with them. The re-training that will come with this possible promotion and transfer is something that I am willing to undergo in the name of career development. I am not afraid of this challenge and I am looking forward to eventually completing the training program and being able to help our clients in what will be a new line of work and field of career development for me. I have attached the documents that I feel are pertinent to my application for your consideration. As you can see, my interest in the position is more than just a passing fancy. That is why I have made myself available to further discuss my application at your convenience. Thank

Tragic Hero And Tragic Flaw English Literature Essay

Tragic Hero And Tragic Flaw English Literature Essay W. Hamilton Fyfe in his book Aristotles Art of Poetry highlighted that Aristotle was the first critic of literature to view the dissimilarity between moral and visual condition. He is specific in his vision that they want of tragedy is to give delight, strange kind of pleasure which go with the release of feeling result through the stage performance of a tragedy. The human interest holds us. He also shares the feelings of people like Othello or Macbeth. These are all people like us, yet somehow, even in the two contemporary dramas, increase to a superior power. W .H. Fyfe also clear that they achieve to some extent more than human self-respect. And yet we fully distribute their feelings and share them more easily and exactly because the poet has disqualified all those conditions and thought which in real life perplex our feelings and reject our pleasure. W. H. Fyfe also clarify that Aristotles represent his emotion in dramatic form and, as we share it, it becomes our own. If the trag edy has its way with us, our secreted emotion and perhaps also the physical discharge of tears is released, and when the storm of thrill settle, we are left with a sense of pleasurable relief. We have the same sense of worried, tensions determined in pleasurable relief when we are upset with our problems we sit down to watch some movies or starts reading books or listen to the music which gave us soothing effect. In the same way W. H. Fyfe also said that great poem or a great picture both stimulate and relieves our emotions. According to him Athenian tragedy combined all these demand poetry, music, pictorial expression; it carried the yet stronger and more popular demand of a thrilling story and presents in the great open-air theatre of Dionysus the strengthening group of people. It was really a bold step. People who avoid their panic by reading careless accounts of football and racing, adultery and murder, might better their health by means of this safer and much more pleasing form of relief. It still exists; and great works of art come so hardly ever within our reach that there is no danger in indulging in such activity to get pleasure. This is all about the W. H. Fyfe point of view about the emotional effect of tragedy. In one of the term paper named Tragic Hero (www.planetpaper.com). He said that Aristotle described a tragic hero as being a person who, through a flaw, in their own character, is brought from a high position and learns to see clearly before their own destruction. In the Theban play. King Oedipus, Oedipus is considered to be a tragic hero after his mother and father try to cheat fate, then later when Oedipus discovered his own fate, he tried to cheat his fate so here I may say that it was his own free will also only in truth ending up where fate had designed. Another Theban play, Antigone, also written by Sophocles includes Oedipus daughter, Antigone, as the tragic hero when she dies for what she believes in. A main character of any tragedy play can be a tragic hero due to his own error of judgment or he may be the puppet in the hand of fate. Now in my first chapter of Analysis I want to high light some rules and regulation of tragedy and tragic hero given by Aristotle. Firstly I would like to talk about Aristotelian tragic hero. He emphasize that the tragic hero of any play should belong to reputed family and he must fall from propriety into misfortunate not due to any villainies character but due to his own error of judgment or due to his fate. To this point I want to give the example of Shakespearean Macbeth and Christopher Marlowes Dr. Faustus. These two character are the best example of Aristotelian tragic hero both the character belong to reputed family and their own error of judgment became the cause of their downfall. According to Aristotle: The hero of any tragedy ancient or modern must be one whom we regard as a fine fellow. He certainly need not be of good family or even in high station those requirements were peculiar to Greek drama. (Fyfe, W.H.1963:25) A.C Bradley in (1935) given a lecture on Hamlet, Othello, Kinglear and Macbeth. He said we see men and women self-assuredly arresting into the obtainable order of things in pursuance of their thoughts but what they accomplish is not what they designed, in fact it is awfully different what they thought. In Shakespearean play Othello is trapped in his own evil deeds which he designed for others. Hamlet react from the forceful duty of revenge is pushed into blood sin he never vision of and enforced at last on the revenge in actual he dont want to do this. Everywhere in the tragedy mans thought translated into action is changed into the opposite of itself. All the action which is mentioned above is due to their own flaw in their character. Yet, by itself it would hardly put forward the idea of fate but in actual it shows their own free will it shows man as, in some degree, however, slight the cause of his own downfall. Character itself contributes to the feelings of fatality which is not due to their fate but through their free will now here I want to give the example of King Macbeth because his down fall occurred due to his own ambitious nature and other example I want to give is about Dr Faustus whose downfall occurred due to his own free will. Some people thought fate in Shakespeare can be described as a moral order and its necessity as a moral essential. But in my point of view fate and free will are the two sides of a same coin. These thing brings into the light those aspects of the tragic fact which the idea of fate and free will throws into the shade leading to the argument, whatever may be said of accidents, circumstances and the like human action is after all presented to us as the central fact in tragedy and also as the main cause of the catastrophe. The moral necessity which so much impresses us is, after all, chiefly the necessary connection between actions and consequences for those actions we without even raising on the subject. The agents responsible and the tragedy would disappear from us if we did not. The central action is in greater or lesser degree, wrong or bad. The catastrophe is the main is the return of this action o the head of the agent. CHAPTER: 2 CHARACTER OF DR- FAUSTUS. In one of the term paper named Dr Faustus duality in doctor: values in Faustus (www.planetpapper.com). The researcher highlight that Christopher Marlowe the heroic Christian tragedy, Doctor Faustus, the central character, Dr. Faustus, fight back between subsequent God and Lucifer. Faustus, who is a mystery in himself, is competent of fabulous expressiveness and determined loss of sight. According to researcher Faustus refusal to see what is truth and what is fiction is a result of his self-important role. Dr Faustus in his mission to turn out to be supreme, Faustus not succeeds to see that there is life after death and that his bits and pieces belongings are of no significance. Researcher emphasize on that Faustus is a contributor in his own internal war of knowledge or salvation. Faustus inner chaos gives way to the main connotation within the play: He also highlights reflection of that era in his research medieval morals versus Renaissance ideals. Faustus upsetting end serves not o nly as a message to all but also gives justice to the age-old formula Marlowe characterization of Faustus leads one to the principal idea of duality in culture of his era in which Medieval values conflict with those of the Renaissance.   Marlowes Doctor Faustus is the first major Elizabethan tragedy and the first to see the sights of the tragic possibilities of the direct conflict of Renaissance compulsions with the Hebraic Christian tradition. Marlowe sinned, suffered regret and was damned. Faustus in thought and deed, threatening, philosophizing, disputing, artifice, defying God and risking all with a prosper does not put forward the lay character of moralities. Marlowe interpreted into the old medieval equation the new, unsolved and frighteningly vague lively of the renaissance, gave it a charm and a dignity never realized in previous treatments of the story, and made Faustus, rather than Hamlet, the first modern man. The play introduced the modern tragic theme of the alienated soul. Faustus is tragic because he known the problem as actual. Even as he claims the freedom of his soul, he hears the terrified echoes thundering in his ears like Macbeth Dr. Faustus is a man who of his own wide awake determination brings tragedy and suffering cashing down upon his head, the pitiful and fearful victim of his own ambitious and desires. The satire with which Marlowe usually invests the downfall of his Protagonists is an irony based on these reasonable concepts of sin and damnation, and vividly expressed in two major patterns of action: the monotonous pattern of ethical preference leading to the option of spiritual demolition, and the pattern of dissimilarity between Faustus grand imaginative designs and the real, stupid activities of his magical career. Marlowe devotes his first scene to a careful staging of Faustus decision to take up magic. One by one the fields of material education are rejected because their ends not satisfy his demand but notice what the demand is. He does not pursue knowledge for the sake of truth, but for power, for superhuman power, the power over life and death. We find Marlowes hero Faustus, he sold his soul to the Devil in order to gain super human power through knowledge by mastering the Un-Holey art of magic and thus he says to himself. J. C. Maxwell in (1947) (89-94) in his research of The Sin of Faustus. His purpose is to keep a due measure of attention directed upon that side of the theme is to recognize Faustus central act of sin for what it is. He said that his major sin on which his whole research revolve is Faustus pride and his curiosity. He said that pride is the ultimate source of Faustus fall and sensuality is pervasive element of his character after it. However, curiosity is most notably operative in the conduct of the action. Moreover, J. C. Maxwell said that it is largely owing to a failure to apprehend the nature as indeed the existence, of this sin that there has arise the misrepresentations of Marlowes purpose, which have seen in Faustus largely. J. C. Maxwell also said that to him the points arising out of this examination that seem to me important for understanding of the play are No insistence on the pervading and increasing sensualist of Faustus ought to difficult to understand the fact that he falls, like man and like Lucifer himself, through the spiritual sin of pride. J. C. Maxwell highlights pride, sensuality and curiosity as the major sin of Dr. Faustus. However, I somewhat disagree with this conclusion because his major sin was his over ambitious nature to gain the knowledge of the whole universe. J. C. Maxwell talks about curiosity but not in this manner, he says that Faustus is curious to get the pride. But in my point of view he is curious to gain the knowledge and ambitious to be the god. Kaitlyn Cavanaugh in (2008) wrote an article named Faustus as a tragic hero(www.writinghood.com) draw attention to many traits of Dr Faustus character and said There may be dissimilar or changeable ways of looking at assured characters and enlightening them as a certain type of character. In Christopher Marlowes play Doctor Faustus, the main character, Doctor Faustus, could be described and exposed as a tragic hero, similarly to other tragic characters, such as Sophocles Oedipus and Shakespeares Macbeth may also be described as such. There are different features and personality, which would make these characters be considered as tragic heroes rather than another type of character. In Marlowes play, the main character, Faustus, brings his own downfall by the end of the story. In his opening speech, Faustus tells and explains the audience and the readers that he made himself expert in law, medicine and divinity, but he wants to know more than what he knows and also know more about othe r things in short his intention was to become a god. This aspect of Faustus, his curiosity to learn and know more, may be thought of as part of the human condition and human nature and isnt something that is seen as wrong in our society. However, this aspect also blinds Faustus from a sense of reason and right from wrong. This in the end leads the main character of Doctor Faustus to make an agreement with the devil, which results in Faustus downfall. This aspect of Faustus character and personality is similar to Oedipus, in Sophocles Oedipus Rex. Oedipus pride blinds him from seeing truth, reason, as well as the difference from right and wrong, which leads to and results in the characters downfall and to the main character of Sophocles play, Oedipus, stabbing his eyes out. This feature will lead to the characteristic and fact that, by doing these mistakes or flaws, the tragic heroes are doomed from the beginning and the audience and readers know the fate of these characters is seale d. And for the tragic hero is just that, a tragic hero or tragic character, this type of character has to be doomed from the beginning of the play, but doesnt hold any responsibility for possessing his flaw or fault. This may be seen in Faustus. From the beginning of the play, from the time that he tells the audience and readers that he wants to acquire more knowledge and especially when he signs the, the audience and readers may that Faustus is doomed to have a less than perfect and happy ending. Much like Faustus, Oedipus fate is sealed when he refuses to see the truth, even when its standing right in front of him. Though these two tragic heroes may feel some sense of guilt about their actions, neither Faustus nor Oedipus seem feeling some sense of guilt or responsibility of their flaw. These aspects are a few attributes and features that characterize a tragic hero. Most of these attributes may be applied to Faustus. Throughout the article it is highlighted that the most prominent trait of Dr Faustus character was his ambitious nature which became the reason of his downfall. CHAPTER: 3 CHARACTER OF KING- MACBETH. In one of the term paper named Macbeth (www.planetpaper.com) the researcher highlights the main points of Macbeths character. He said in the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, he find out that Macbeth is a tragic hero. Macbeth is very ambitious, daring, and an ethically coward all these things lead to his tragic death at the end of the play. At the beginning of the play, Shakespeare characterizes Macbeth as a hero very evidently from the bravery in guard of Scotland is important in the opening scene. However, he is very ambitious to be king. And this thing height the negative trait in Macbeths character. In one of the research paper named Macbeth as a Tragedy According To Aristotles Definition.   (www.123helpme.com).Researcher highlights some of the characteristic of Macbeths personality. He first compares Macbeths character with qualities of tragic hero set by Greek philosopher Aristotle. Researcher highlight that the genre of some works of literature can be discuss, Macbeth written by William Shakespeare seems to fit into a ideal shape of Aristotles definition of a tragedy, unite seven elements that he believes make the type of a work a tragedy, is that pattern. Demonstrate all seven aspects; Macbeth fits the definition of tragedy specifically. According to him elements in the play verify the fact that Macbeth  is a serious story, the first elements of Aristotles definition. In spite of the outcome of the play, Macbeth was a good and great man, one of elements in the definition of tragedy. Macbeth was an admirable man whom held the position of the Thane of Glam and was victorio us in battle. This success helped him take escape of admiration from Duncan, very good deed attain by few. The most important detail that Macbeth is truly not just a good but a great man is the fact that at first, even though Lady Macbeth pleaded for him to kill Duncan, he refuse. Through Lady Macbeths scheming ways brought about by her hunger for power and position, he did certainly kill him and others though. Yet, this in itself if analyze prove he is a great man. Through tactical planning and cunning wits, he was able to murder, and briefly gets away with it. Yet, every great man must have a single flaw, which they give into, as declared in the definition of a tragedy. Macbeths flaw was ambition, brought about by Lady Macbeth and the witches. Through the imagery they created of him as a noble, bold and successful King, he let his ambitions get the best of him, which led to murder, deceit, cheating and eventually tragedy. The ambition in him was not at full smother until the witch es and his wife fully brought it out of him yet, it was a flaw, unlike a curable condition or problem, which he could not prevail over, not even by fate. The aspect of a flaw that the good or great man cannot overcome by fate is the fourth element in Aristotles adaptation of a tragedy. This research paper highlight all the traits of Macbeths character that in the start of the play Shakespeare portrays Macbeths character as a noble, kind hearted, victorious, and people and King Duncan praised him a lot. But later in the play we came to know his actual character that he is ill eared and easily get manipulated by witches and his wife lady Macbeth. Macbeth ambitious nature became the cause of his downfall or we can say that his tragic flaw is his own nature. Marilyn French in 1982 wrote a term paper named Macbeth and masculine values (pg no: 14-24) draw attention to many aspect of Macbeths character and said that there is an uncertainty about gender role in Macbeth. She said that Macbeth is brave, valors follower, courageous cousin and praise worthy men. Most of the praise comes from Duncan the king. In conclusion she said a tragedy she accept without object the decision that Macbeth is exterminate. Throughout the play, manhood is equated with the ability to kill. She also highlights the factor responsible in killing king Duncan is Lady Macbeth who convinced Macbeth to do so. But I am not agree with the point of view of Marilyn because Macbeth himself is overambitious to gain the power and to achieve the kingdom as we have seen throughout the play Macbeth is committing sin after sin in order to gain the power. Now if Marilyn is making Lady Macbeth responsible for Macbeths down fall is not true because Lady Macbeth persuaded Macbeth once and that is to murder the king Duncan but not his son and not his friend Banquo so it is clear that Macbeth is to blame for his own dreadful mistake. In one of the research paper named The question of justice in Macbeth (www.123helpme.com) the researcher is emphasizing in the play Macbeth, many different choices are brought onward to a positive character and the result that is chosen affects the entire play. The researcher analyzed the results of these actions can be a positive or negative conclusion towards the character. As is represented in the play Macbeth, justice always prevails due to the guilty characters developing sense of regret or the character receiving fair punishment. This shows some traits of Macbeths character. To give clear idea of Macbeths character I again want to high light some of the points from one of the research named The personality of Macbeth(www.123helpme.com). In his research researcher highlight that Macbeth down fall is due to natural law in which person his own choice to select his path has. He also emphasize that Macbeth also has his own choice either he want to go with the prophecy of witches or to act as his wife want him to act so it is clear that it is totally depend upon his own will and his will is to became the king and want to attain the power. This thing clarifies that is ambition became the reason of his down fall. CHAPTER: 4 COMPARISION BETWEEN DR-FAUSTUS AND MACBETHS TRAGIC FLAW. Firstly we can consider the ways in which the play starts it explore the mystic in the opening scene of Macbeth and Dr Faustus. The mystical is a powerful theme that constantly appears throughout the opening scenes of Shakespeares Macbeth and Marlowes Dr Faustus. Continuously throughout the opening scenes the supernatural is used as a way to introduce suspense, horror and feeling of doubts in to the play and help in the awakening of the audiences thoughts.   In Macbeth the plan of the supernatural is introduced to the audience straight away, as Shakespeare opens the scene opens with three witches. During the time that Macbeth was written the idea and belief that witches truly survive would have been taken tremendously sincerely by Shakespeares audience as witches were thought to be real beings. Using witches in the opening scene automatically build an environment and let the audience to recognize that the play that they are about to watch is going to have a gloomy, perplexing and fear-provoking feeling to it, as witches are usually linked as wicked being. Shakespeare also uses pitiable misleading notion to generate the sense of the supernatural. Thunder and lightning, this mechanism is also used as a way to establish the ambience of the opening scene. Setting the scene early in the opening of the play allows the audience to become aware that the character of the opening scene is going to be fairly severe and sinister, which allow the audience to absorb themselves entirely in the play. The use of pitiable myth in the opening scene also enhances the idea that witches are evil beings as both the description of the weather and defined the ideas that Shakespeares audience would have had about witches portray extremely negative association. In dissimilarity to Shakespeares Macbeth, Marlowe uses the idea of the supernatural in the opening scene of Dr Faustus in a much more positive way. In the opening scene Marlowe uses his own thought to introduce the views of the play Dr Faustus. This is all about the comparison and contrast of the start of both the plays. The starting scene of both the play to some extent is similar and that is they started with the super natural character. There is one more similarity in the opening of the play that both the writers portray their main character as a noble person belongs to good family kind hearted. This is all about the play. Now I want to drag your attention to the similarities and dissimilarities in Macbeths and Dr Faustus characters. In one of the essay named Dr Faustus VS Macbeth (www.exampleessay.com) the essayist highlights the some of the similarities of both the character. In many ways, Macbeth and Dr. Faustus follow the same sequence as their characters poor preference cause them to distortion downfall which they never thought. The universal truth of the Faust Theme is obvious in Macbeth. It can be seen through his decisions all over the play. These decisions are what cause his succession from an honorable man in the beginning to an evil cruel king in the end. Macbeth and Dr. Faustus are very much alike. In the plays they both sold their soul to the devil to attain the knowledge and power. Macbeth didnt literally sell his soul to the devil as Faustus did, but he also get under the influence of evil character that r witches. This is all about the similarities and dissimilarities of both the character. Now come to the main point that what is the tragic flaw in both the character? In my opinion the tragic flaw of both the characters is their own ambitious nature. They both are very ambitious to attain power and knowledge but to be ambitious is not a wrong thing but to attain their ambition they uses false path or in short I want to say they became blind to achieve their ambition now this is their tragic flaw. To justify my point I want highlight some researcher point of view. In one of the essay named Vaulting ambition and downfall(www.directessay.com) the essayist emphasizes on the reason of Macbeths downfall is his vaulting ambition, though it is what bring him power but is also the same which lead him to his down fall. According to essayist vaulting ambition is Macbeths only flaw. Essayist also highlight positive side of his ambition that through his ambitious nature he won my battles because at that time his only ambition is to praise by people but later on in the play his ambitious nature portray by Shakespeare in a darker way that his lust to achieve power and to became the king of Scotland moved his positive ambitious nature into a negative way and he commit sin after sin to achieve his ambition. This became his tragic flaw. W.W. Greg in (1946) (71-88) research Reason of Damnation of Faustus. He highlights many reasons due to which Faustus was damned. First in his research, he said that Valdes and Cornelius are the reason of Faustus Downfall they attract Faustus towards magic in a way they want to do evil deeds from the back of Faustus and they do not want to be punish their self in the end. In addition, the second reason which WW. Greg highlight in research is the pact, which Faustus signs with the Devil, which became the reason for his damnation. But I am not agree with his reason because these all things come afterward in my point of view the main reason of his damnation is his over ambitiousness nature because Faustus himself was very much curious to gain the knowledge of magic. W.W. Greg in his research uses the word of ambition but not in a negative manner. He said that Faustus ambition was positive to learn as he want to serve the people in a positive way but I again disagree with his point of vie w that if he was positive he will never try evil deeds. I believe that from the very first part of the play he is over ambitious because we can clearly see that how much he is thirsty for knowledge and this thing lead him to his downfall. Here we can easily compare both Macbeth and Dr Faustus character flaw is their over ambitious nature which became the reason of their own downfall. So it is clear that Shakespearean Macbeth and Christopher Marlows Dr-Faustus share same personality traits both are noble in start there ambition were positive in the start of the play as Faustus want to earn education of magic to help people to help his country in security reasons but when he achieve that knowledge his ambition change in to negative he start teasing people in order to help them. In the end he became totally self-centered and to achieve his ambition he sold his sole to devil. So it is cleared that ambitious nature of both the character became there tragic flaw and they were damned in the end which is totally their own choice they selected their deaths by their own free will. CONCLUSION: Many researcher highlighted different reason of tragic flaw in Shakespearean Macbeth and Marlows Dr Faustus some are as follows. W.W. Greg in (1946) (71-88) research Reason of Damnation of Faustus. He highlights many reasons due to which Faustus was damned. First in his research, he said that Valdes and Cornelius are the reason of Faustus Downfall they attract Faustus towards magic in a way they want to do evil deeds from the back of Faustus and they do not want to be punish their self in the end. In addition, the second reason which WW. Greg highlight in research is the pact, which Faustus signs with the Devil, which became the reason for his damnation. J. C. Maxwell in (1947) (89-94) in his research of The Sin of Faustus. His purpose is to keep a due measure of attention directed upon that side of the theme is to recognize Faustus central act of sin for what it is. He said that his major sin on which his whole research revolve is Faustus pride and his curiosity. He said that pride is the ultimate source of Faustus fall and sensuality is pervasive element of his character after it. Marilyn French in 1982 wrote a term paper named Macbeth and masculine values (pg no: 14-24) draw attention to many aspect of Macbeths character and said that there is an uncertainty about gender role in Macbeth. She said that Macbeth is brave, valors follower, courageous cousin and praise worthy men. Most of the praise comes from Duncan the king. In conclusion she said a tragedy she accept without object the decision that Macbeth is exterminate. Throughout the play, manhood is equated with the ability to kill. She also highlights the factor responsible in killing king Duncan is Lady Macbeth who convinced Macbeth to do so. But on the bases of this analysis the result what results comes out is that the tragic flaw of both the character is their own ambitious nature although whoever motivate them to commit sin but at end it was their own decision.